PV! Photo taken in Utrecht, The…

PV! Photo taken in Utrecht, The Netherlands

King Philip II of Spain, son of Charles V, continued the anti-heresy and centralization policies of his father. This caused growing resistance among the moderate nobility and population (both Catholic and Protestant) of the Netherlands. This mood of resistance first led to peaceful protests, but in the summer of 1566 erupted in violent protests by Calvinists, known as the iconoclastic fury, across the Netherlands.

The Governor of the Habsburg Netherlands, Margaret of Parma, feared insurrection and made further concessions to the Calvinists, such as designating certain churches for Calvinist worship, but in December 1566 and early 1567 the first battles between Calvinist rebels and Habsburg governmental forces had taken place, commencing what would become known as the Eighty Years' War.

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